Caritas Journal of Engineering Technology
CJET is a peer-reviewed, Open Access multidisciplinary engineering journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of engineering technology. It publishes both theoretical and experimental high-quality papers of permanent interest, not previously published in journals, in the field of engineering technology. In addition to peer-reviewed original research papers, the Editorial Board welcomes original research reports, state-of-the-art reviews, and communications in the broadly defined field of engineering science and technology.
Temperature Distribution in a Convection Heat Transfer Medium
This paper focuses on the demonstration of spatial temperature distribution in a convective heat transfer module using a 3-D EDIBON Physics apparatus. Particularly, the work demonstrates the temperature distribution in a module having two focuses (barrels) containing hot and cold water with differing temperatures. The basic equipment in the work were: Aluminum based 3-Robot Arm with scanning area of 300x550mm and depth of 250mm; control interface; control software; temperature sensor; computer set; small barrel Cu walls with boiling rings and thermostatic control (hot focal point); small barrel Cu walls (cold focal point). The hot and cold focuses were kept at a distance of 280mm. The water in the hot focus was kept at a temperature of 32oC using a boiler inserted in the barrel while the water in the cold barrel was infused with ice block that brought the temperature to 7.7oC. The temperatures were measured using a digital temperature sensor and also read from the monitor of the interface computer set. The three coordinates of X, Y and Z were set at different values of 20, 30 and 40mm respectively indicating their relative positions. The differential positions on the Robot Arm were moved and the values of the temperature and volume were displayed on the interface monitor and recorded. The experiment was repeated for an increase in water temperature in the hot focus by 5oC while keeping the water in the cold focus at 6.7oC. The temperatures before and after the sweeping of the Robot Arm were displayed and recorded. The experiment was repeated for successive positioning of the Robot Arm and varying the temperature of the hot focus by 5oC (while keeping the distance between the hot and cold focuses constant at 280mm), and the readings of the temperature and volume read on the interface monitor. The temperature of the cold focus was kept low (between 3oC and 10oC throughout the experimental trials. Results show increase in temperature with successive positioning (increases) of the Robot Arm up to a peak value of 26.80oC and subsequent decrease. The experiment was conducted nine times and the average temperature value obtained and recorded after every test as follows: 24.26oC, 24.77oC, 25.03oC, 25.83oC, 25.66oC, 26.3oC, 26.73oC, 26.54oC and 26.80oC respectively. This work shows that heat is transferred when there is temperature gradient between two media and the quantity of heat transferred is a function of the temperature difference between the two media. It also indicates that temperatures are distributed in accordance with the positioning (distance) of the Robot Arm from the base.
Copyright (c) 2026 Caritas Journal of Engineering Technology
Temperature-Dependent Rheological Response of Organophilic Clay for High-Temperature Drilling Operations
During drilling geological formations, several challenges arise from in-situ formation of pressure and temperature. The rheological properties of the mud must be carefully and regularly monitored to ensure that drilled cuttings continue to move to the surface efficiently by improving low-end rheology, averting barite sag. In this paper, oil-based muds (OBMs) with the same composition were prepared, while two industrial organophilic clay products were blended into each mud sample, designated as samples A and B. The properties of both mud samples were evaluated at room temperature, while the rheological response of the two OBM samples was monitored over a temperature range of 80 to 160°F. The results showed that temperature had no significant influence on mud weight, marsh funnel viscosity, alkalinity, or chloride. However, plastic viscosity constantly decreased from 70 cP at 80°F to 30 cP at 160°F, while yield point (YP) gradually increased from 20 lb/100 ft² at 80°F to 23 lb/100 ft² at 160°F. Both samples A and B decreased in the flow behaviour index (n) from 0.83 at 80 °F to 0.66 and 0.70, respectively, at 160 °F. On the other hand, the consistency index (K) for samples A and B steadily increased from 0.5 at 80 °F to about 0.96 and 0.95, respectively, at 160°F, as both mud samples were subjected to increasing temperatures under shearing conditions. While both clay samples proved excellent for cuttings movement, it is important to carefully manage their concentration to prevent the yield point from exceeding the desired limit, as a further increase in YP may hinder the landing of casing pipes at the bottom of the hole due to the fluid's buoyancy. Both clay samples exhibited similar low-end R80° geological performance, which is necessary to prevent drilled cuttings from settling in the cuttings at 160°F to avert stuck-pipe problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Caritas Journal of Engineering Technology
Fluid Loss Control Materials From Hevea Brasiliensis and Egg Husks: A Comparative Study With MICA in Water-Based Mud
The increasing demand for oil and gas has led exploration companies to adopt extensive drilling practices across diverse geological formations to access target reservoirs. These formations frequently pose challenges because they readily allow drilling mud infiltration, leading to substantial fluid losses during circulation. To address this challenge, the present study developed specialized fluid loss control materials derived from processed Hevea brasiliensis (rubber seed shell) and egg husks according to the API procedure. These materials were subjected to drying, grinding, and sieving to obtain two particle sizes (150 microns and 250 microns), which were then blended in equal proportions as alternatives to Mica, a conventional fluid-loss additive. Water-based mud samples incorporating these locally sourced additives were prepared at various concentrations and evaluated against Mica for performance. The results demonstrated that mixtures containing 3 wt.% (10.50 g) of 150 µm and 4 wt.% (14.00 g) of 250 µm particles exhibited fluid loss characteristics comparable to those of 2 wt.% Mica. Analysis of rubber seed shell revealed a complex mixture of organic compounds, with calcium identified as a major element in both materials. The local additives also enhanced the yield point and reduced gel values, thereby promoting more efficient cutting removal and improved penetration rates. Additionally, muds formulated with local additives exhibited increased pH, attributed to their high calcium content. These findings highlight the potential of locally sourced husk materials as effective fluid loss additives for drilling in loss-prone formations, providing a viable approach to mitigate downhole losses.
Enhancing Television Signal Quality Using Advanced Modulation Technique
The poor broadcasting and telecommunications qualities in our television broadcasting stations were as a result of low bandwidth, high bit error rate and low signal to noise ratio. This poor broadcasting and communication qualities observed in our television stations was overcame by introducing enhancing television signal quality using advanced modulation technique. To vividly achieve this, it was done in this manner, television signal quality was characterized and the causes of poor television signal quality was established. Then a conventional SIMULINK model for television signal quality was designed and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained in the designed advanced modulation rule base to boost the minimization of the causes of poor television signal quality. The algorithm to implement the process was developed, SIMULINK model for Enhancing Television Signal Quality Using Advanced Modulation Techniques was designed and the results obtained were validated and justified. The results obtained were the conventional Bandwidth Efficiency that causes poor television signal quality was 2 bps/Hz. On the other hand, when an Advanced Modulation was integrated into the system, it simultaneously improved to 2.6 bps/Hz, thereby enhancing bandwidth efficiency to 3.3% and the conventional bit error rate that causes poor television signal quality was 0.001bits.meanwhile, when Advanced Modulation was imbibed into the system; it instantly reduced it to 0.000867bits. Finally, with these results obtained, it showed that percentage enhancement in Television Signal Quality was 13.3%.
Strength Capacity of Clay Soil Modified With Geosynthetics and Coconut Coir Fibre
The strength capacity of the Clay soil modified with Geosynthetics and Coconut fibre. The soil samples were taken from Egbelu Ogbogoro Obio Akpor Local Government Area. The soil samples from the preliminary test showed that the soil is classified as an A-7-5 soil. The cohesion value for the triaxial test increases with the longest cohesion occurring at 8% for coir fiber, 39.31kpa and 6% for Geosynthetics 40.33kpa. The internal friction angle increases with the maximum friction angle occurring at 10% for coir fibre 14.57° and 4% of Geosynthetics 13.03°. The maximum safe bearing capacity of the specimen occurred at 10% for both modifying agents. The clay soil with coir fiber increases the CBR value from 3.53% for 0% unsoaked and 2.06% soaked to 11.35% for 10% unsoaked and 9.22% soaked, while Geosynthetics increased the CBR of the soil at 16.70% unsoaked condition and 11.21% for soaked condition. However, the coir fiber and Geosynthetics of unsoaked and soaked condition meet the minimum requirement oratiof California bearing of 6. The compressive strength (UCS) also improves the strength of the clay soil and the maximum UCS value at 10% for both additives. Based on the test results. Both Geosynthetics and coconut coir fibre modified with soil have proved that they can be used for stabilizing the subgrade soil for the stability of the foundation of structures in Civil Engineering.
Copyright (c) 2024 Caritas Journal of Engineering Technology
Experimental Evaluation on Suitability of African Oil Bean Husk as a Fluid-Loss Control Agent in Water-Based Drilling Mud
Filtrate loss determines the efficiency of drilling mud. Research on the suitability of African oil bean husk (AOBH) as a fluid loss control additive for water-based drilling mud (WBM) is presented in this article. AOBH was crushed into particle sizes of 63 µm, 125 µm, and 250 µm. The morphology and chemical properties of AOBH were studied with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and a Phenom Prox model of the Scanning Electron Microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). WBM samples containing the various sizes of AOBH as fluid-loss control additives were prepared. Samples containing industrial-grade additives (Grel Alphatex) were prepared. Basic mud tests were carried out on samples. Comparisons of results from the various samples were made. Rheology of mud samples was modeled with the Power Law Model and Herschel-Bulkley Models. Results show that AOBH contains mainly carbon and asphaltic compounds. Mud tests show that the performances of AOBH and industrial grade are comparable. Filter cake thickness was 2.3 mm–2.9 mm for AOBH-additives mud but 2.3 mm for industrial-additives mud. Filtrate loss was 2.3 ml–3.3 ml for AOBH-additives mud but 2.3 ml for industrial-additives mud. The apparent viscosity for AOBH-additives mud was 28-29.5 cp, but 29 cp for industrial-additives mud. Plastic viscosity for AOBH-additives mud was 22-23 cp, but 22 cp for industrial-additives mud. The yield point for AOBH-additives mud was 12-15, but 14 for industrial-additives mud. Use of AOBH did not affect the final gel strength. Both models show that the efficiency of the mud containing AOBH in cleaning the hole increased as the grain size of AOBH reduced. The chemistry of AOBH shows that it is biodegradable and eco-friendly.
Comparative Study on Adsorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals in Produced Water Using Banana Peel and Luffa Cylindrica Derived Activated Carbon
This paper investigates the potentials of activated carbon (AC) derived from Banana peel and Luffa cylindrica biowaste for the removal of heavy metals such as zinc, copper, nickel, and iron from produced water. Activated carbon was obtained by carbonizing adsorbents (Banana peel and Luffa cylindrica), using an impregnation ratio of 1:3 of H3PO4 for 24 hrs. The experimental runs were conducted using the batch adsorption method, where produced water was treated using a 2 g adsorbent dosage for 2, 4, and 6 hours of contact time. Adsorption kinetics were analysed using both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model equations. The results show that Luffa cylindrica-derived AC achieved up to 85.7, 88.3, 54.7, and 52.2 % removal in Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe, respectively, while banana peel AC led to 85.4, 70.7, and 35.2% removal in Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe., respectively. Kinetic data indicated that pseudo-first-order best described Zn, Cu, and Fe adsorption (R² > 0.76) on both adsorbents, while only Fe adsorption on banana peel AC fitted well with pseudo-second-order (R² = 0.9998). These findings suggest the potential of these low-cost, sustainable biosorbents for effective treatment of produced water.
Fuzzy-Based Irrigation Improvement System for Nigerian Agricultural Fields
Efficient water management in agriculture is crucial for ensuring sustainable crop production and addressing the global water crisis. Traditional irrigation systems often suffer from inefficiencies, leading to water wastage, uneven crop yields, and increased costs. This paper proposes a fuzzy-based irrigation improvement system that leverages advanced machine learning algorithms, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and real-time environmental data to optimize water usage in agricultural fields. The system integrates sensors to monitor key parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and weather forecasts. Fuzzy logic algorithms analyze this data to determine precise irrigation schedules and water requirements, minimizing wastage and ensuring optimal hydration for crops. The system also employs predictive analytics to adapt to changing environmental conditions and crop growth stages. Key benefits include significant water savings, increased crop yield, reduced operational costs, and enhanced sustainability. Additionally, the system can be scaled and customized to suit different types of crops, soil conditions, and geographical locations. This approach demonstrates the potential of fuzzy logic in transforming traditional farming practices into a data-driven, resource-efficient paradigm. Future developments will focus on integrating renewable energy sources and blockchain for enhanced transparency and efficiency. This fuzzy-driven solution promises a sustainable future for agriculture by addressing the dual challenges of water scarcity and food security.
Implementing Rehabilitation And Maintenance Of Machine Workshop Using Fuzzy Controller Application. a Case Study Of Machine Equipment At Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu
This research work explores the implementation of rehabilitation and maintenance practices for machine equipment using a fuzzy controller application, with a focus on machine equipment at Caritas University, Amorji Nike, Enugu. The research aims to improve the operational efficiency and reliability of the machine by implementing an intelligent fuzzy logic-based system for fault detection and predictive maintenance. The study proposed system’s ability to detect faults, reduce machine downtime, and improve rehabilitation efficiency. Results indicate that the fuzzy controller significantly enhanced fault detection accuracy, reducing machine downtime by 39%, and providing cost-effective maintenance solutions. The fuzzy controller system proved to be a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional maintenance methods. It significantly reduced machine downtime, improved rehabilitation efficiency, and enhanced the operational reliability of the lathe machine. Furthermore, the intuitive nature of the system allowed for easy adoption by technicians and conventional rehabilitation and maintenance of workshop lathe machine at caritas university was 10%. On the other hand, when fuzzy controller was imbibed in the system, it automatically improved to 12.3%. Finally, the percentage enhancement of rehabilitation and maintenance of workshop in lathe machine at caritas university was 2.3% when fuzzy controller was integrated in the system
The Transformative Role of Medical Wearable Devices in Healthcare: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Directions
Medical wearable devices are revolutionizing healthcare by enabling continuous monitoring, early disease detection, and improved patient engagement. This study explores the concepts, architecture, and impact of these devices, focusing on their benefits and challenges. Employing a qualitative approach, the research highlights the potential of wearables to mitigate medication errors and improve healthcare delivery. While benefits such as real-time monitoring and personalized care are evident, challenges like data inconsistency, cybersecurity risks, and interoperability remain. The findings provide actionable insights for advancing the adoption of medical wearable devices in modern healthcare.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a new type of unique and indivisible block chain-based tokens introduced in late 2017. This seminar report addresses this gap in theoretical and practical knowledge and demonstrates the efficacy of NFTs in the domain of event ticketing. It’s follow a rigorous design science research approach of designing, building and thoroughly evaluating a prototype of an event ticketing system based on NFTs. Thereby, we demonstrate the usefulness of NFTs to tokenize digital goods, prevent fraud and improve control over secondary market transactions. Further, we contribute generalizable knowledge of the benefits and challenges of NFTs and derive implications for both researchers and practitioners. Finally, this paper proposes managerial recommendations for building applications utilizing NFTs and enables other researchers to draw on its findings and design principles.The concept of NFT originally comes from a token standard of Ethereum, aiming to distinguish each token with distinguishable signs. This type of tokens can be bound with virtual/digital properties as their unique identifications. With NFTs, all marked properties can be freely traded with customized values according to their ages, rarity, liquidity, etc. The thousand fold return on its increasing market draws huge attention worldwide.
Development And Implemention Of Smoke Detection Alarm System
A smoke detector alarm is a fire protection device that automatically detects smoke and also gives us warning. In the proposed system, a smoke detector upon senses smoke activates its alarm, sends a low voltage signal to all The individual smoke detectors are equipped with all the electronics required to both send and receive signals. They are battery operated and therefore they require no external connections. They can be installed by a homeowner just as they would a normal smoke detector. The proposed design is aiming to have Cost efficient system, Compact design, easily expandable, Simple to install, Replaceable components. The system was tested indoor and outdoor with different distance and with the presence of noise. Standard for Safety of Smoke Alarms, to measure the performance of a large number of existing smoke alarms.
Automated USB controlled power switches have gained popularity in recent devices. These switches are designed to plug into a USB port and allow users to switch on or off the power supply of the electronic device remotely. This technology is commonly used in home automation and IoT systems to control various appliances, such as televisions, speakers, and lights. The primary advantage of using automated USB controlled power switches is their ability to save energy. By allowing users to remotely switch off their devices when they are not in use, these switches can help reduce energy consumption and lower electricity bills. They can also help extend the lifespan of electronic device by reducing the amount of time they are powered on. Automated USB controlled power switches are relatively in expensive and easily controlled using a smartphone app or voice assistant, allowing users to turn on or off their devices from anywhere at any time. Additionally, some switches can be programmed to turn on or off at specific times, allowing users to automate their devices according to their schedule. However, there are some limitations and challenges associated with automated USB controlled power switches. One potential issue is the security of the devices and the data they transmit. If not properly secured, they can be vulnerable to hacking or other forms of cyber-attacks. It is important for user’s different types of electronic devices. Some devices may not be compatible with certain types of power switches, which can limit their functionality. In addition, some devices may require a certain amount of power to be constantly supplied in order to maintain their settings and configurations, which can be difficult to achieve with a power switch.
Application of Utilization Rate Approach for the Evaluation of Effective Numbers of Servers for A Parallel System of Single-Server Queues
Prospective service delivery and manufacturing firms as the case may be, are desirous of knowing the number of servers and service delivery operating equipment to be installed in their proposed facilities, to ensure adequate service delivery. Perhaps, this underlining interest may not be unconnected with the fact that finite facility space and limited income constraints probably will not allow for infinite severs and manpower. In this paper, the M/M/K (an exponentially distributed interarrival, service time and multiple servers) parallel system of single-sever queues model is modified and deployed to analyse the services of a petroleum product loading depot. The adequacy or otherwise of the loading process is measured by a stability equation developed from the utilization rate equation. The constraints of the stability equation required to be satisfied to ensure effective service delivery (bounded queues and decongested facility) establish a range of new queue parameters. The least mean service rate value within this range can be evaluated with a server equation to produce the minimum number of effective servers, required by any firm that will yield a utilization factor of less than one. A numerical evaluation of the stability equation and the server equation is carried out with primary data sourced from the Warri refinery depot. It is found that the current operating system in the depot with nine parallel servers is ineffective with a utilization factor of 1.17, hence the resultant congestion in the depot. Upon satisfying the stability equations constraints, a new mean service rate value is estimated that gives a utilization factor of 0.97 less than one. The new service time value corresponds to a minimum effective number of eleven servers by the server equation, to give a utilization factor of 0.97. Better services with lower utilization rate values can be achieved by varying the mean service time along the established range of the stability equation’s constraint.
Design of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor for Optimum Production of 1,000,000 tons per year of Ethylene Glycol
The liquid phase hydrolysis reaction of ethylene oxide is most suitable in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) because of the nature of reactants or feed materials for ethylene glycol production. Based on the economic importance of ethylene glycol as an organic compound and chemical intermediate utilized domestically and industrially as a feedstock for the production of paint, plastic, printing inks, hydraulic fluids, reagents in making polyesters, explosives, synthetic waxes, automotive radiator coolants or antifreeze, etc. This research however becomes highly imperative as it considers or incorporates important objectives or steps for optimum production of ethylene glycol which are stated sequentially as follows. Firstly the design aspect of this research involves the development of CSTR performance or sizing models using the first principle of material and energy balance. The developed models were simulated using the advanced process simulation tool MATLAB R2023a version and the optimum values of reactor parameters like volume, height, diameter, space-time, space velocity, quantity of heat generated and quantity of heat per unit volume of the reactor are 11.160m3, 3.845m, 1.922m, 279.011sec, 0.004sec-1, 2.507J/s and 0.225J/sm3 respectively. Secondly, the reactor production cost as a function of its volume in dollars and naira was estimated every year as 799.955 in dollars and 1,309,255.2 in naira as of 21st September 2024. Finally, the analysis of the design results showed that the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is most economically suitable for optimum production of ethylene glycol in industries.
Influence of Bentonite Slurry Modifier on the Elastic Properties of Lateritic Soil
The influence of bentonite slurry on the elastic properties of lateritic soil was investigated. Various amounts of bentonite slurry (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were mixed with the lateritic soil from six (6) different boreholes to ascertain its effect on the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the soil. The results revealed that an increase in bentonite slurry yielded an increase in the elastic modulus of the soil by an average of 83.41% while an increase in bentonite slurry on the lateritic soils resulted in a decrease in Poisson’s ratio by an average of 23.79%. This result shows that the bentonite slurry modification with lateritic soil improves the lateritic soil from a state of very soft soil to medium soil in relation to the elastic properties, especially the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Based on the results, bentonite slurry has a positive influence on the elastic properties of lateritic soils and is suitable for foundation works when mixed with lateritic soils.
Optimization of a High-Performance Wellhead Connector for Enhanced Natural Gas Extraction
The development and Optimization of a high-performance wellhead connector for enhanced natural gas extraction was conducted. The paper presents the development of a structurally robust wellhead connector for providing natural gas recovery, utilizing advanced engineering design principles alongside finite element analysis (FEA) to ensure optimal performance and reliability. By leveraging FEA, the study effectively identifies weaknesses and areas for improvement in the connector's structure, ultimately leading to a refined, high-performance solution tailored to meet specific functional requirements. This paper demonstrates the importance of integrating analytical methods with practical applications to achieve superior outcomes in product development. The approach entails a comprehensive evaluation of material selection by API 6A standards, ensuring that all materials are suitable for high-pressure environments. The results indicate that the adapter is capable of withstanding pressures up to 5000 psi, demonstrating its durability in high-stress environments. Furthermore, it boasts a safety factor exceeding 2.0, which confirms its reliability under extreme conditions and ensures its longevity during prolonged use. This combination of high-pressure tolerance and a significant safety margin makes the adapter an excellent choice for applications requiring dependable performance. This research presents a comprehensive framework to enhance the structural integrity and manufacturability of wellhead equipment before its deployment in the field. Eventually, these developments contribute to improved effective productivity and protection in natural gas extraction processes.
The Efficient Creation Of Datasets For Data Driven Power System Application
The development of data driven power system applications requires large datasets with high quality data. However, the creation of such datasets can be time consuming and expensive. This paper proposes an efficient approach for creating datasets that can be used for data driven power system applications. The proposed approach is based on the concept of data augmentation. Data augmentation involves generating new data samples from the existing data samples by applying various transformations. The idea is to use a small set of original data samples and generate a large number of augmented data samples. The augmented data samples can then be used to create a dataset that is representative of the actual data distribution. The approach involves three main steps: Data selection, data augmentation and dataset creation. In the data selection step, a small set of representative data samples is selected from the available data. In the data augmentation step, various transformations include rotation, scaling, translation, and noise addition. In the dataset creation step, the augmented data samples are combined with the original data samples to create a final dataset. The proposed approach was tested on two datasets, IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 118 bus datasets. The results showed that proposed approach was able to create dataset that were representative of the actual data distribution. The dataset created using the proposed approach were used to train and evaluate a data driven power system application for voltage stability assessment. The results showed that the application achieved high accuracy in preaching the voltage stability of the power system. In conclusion, the proposed approach provides in efficient and cost effective method for creating datasets for data approach is based on the concept of data augmentation, which involves generating new data samples from the existing data samples by applying various transformations. The approach was tested on two datasets and showed promising results. The approach can be extended to other domains where the creations of large dataset are required.
Load Shedding Time Management System With Programmable Interface
Load shedding is an approach employed by power utilities to manage electricity demand during periods of high consumption or insufficient supply. Effective load shedding requires precise scheduling and condition to minimize disruptions and ensure fair distribution of available power. This paper presents an overview of a load- shedding time management system enhanced by a programmable interface, aimed at improving the sufficiency and reliability of load- shedding operations. The proposed system leverages a programmable interface to enables advanced control and automation capabilities. It provides a user friendly interface through which power utilities can define and customize load shedding schedules based on various factors such as geographical areas, customer segments, and energy consumption patterns. The programmable interface allows for the dynamic adjustment of load shedding parameters in response to changing demand conditions, ensuring optimal utilization of available power resources.
Application of Optimized Photo-Fenton Process for The Degradation of Allura Red Dye in Process Textile Waste water
This study, presents an optimized photo-Fenton process degradation of Allura red dye from textile process industrial wastewater, by the determination of optimal conditions for the photo-Fenton process to achieve maximum Allura red degradation. Water scarcity is a critical challenge and a cornerstone of sustainable progress. Meeting the growing demand for drinking water is essential for modern societal development. The photo-Fenton process is an effective method for the degradation of organic pollutants and dyes in wastewater. The effects of different parameters such as pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, concentration of iron (III) ions, and initial dye concentration on the degradation efficiency were investigated. A central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal values of the parameters. The results showed that the maximum degradation of Allura red dye (96%) was achieved at pH 3.5, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.1 M, iron (III) ion concentration of 0.005 M, and initial dye concentration of 25 mg/. The mineralization of the dye was evaluated by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The maximum TOC removal was found to be 76.2%. Therefore, the optimized photo-Fenton process was considered a promising method for the removal of Allura red dye from textile industry wastewater. The experimental model generated precise equations, providing valuable insights into the degradation process.
The Era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Threat to Knowledge Acquisition
This study explores the growing field of artificial intelligence in education, with a focus on higher education and unconventional learning settings. This study investigates how Artificial Intelligence can change how students learn and how educational institutions are adapting to these developments. The current status of AI is carefully examined along with its expected influence on educational approaches, teaching methods, and educational structures. With reference to academic studies and recent advancements in AI, this paper emphasizes both the potential and threats that AI presents to higher education. While AI offers great potential for improving teaching practices and enhancing learning results, its widespread use raises important ethical issues and introduces new challenges. As digital technologies continue to infiltrate various aspects of society, including education, this study assesses the future direction of educational processes driven by AI and predicts its impact on the educational environment.
A Study Of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic For Use As a Car Bumper
Bumper is one of the main parts which are used as protection for passengers from front and near collision. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the comparison between steel and fibre reinforced plastic for use as a car bumper. The existing steel bumper is replaced with fibre reinforced bumper, due to its strength and weight reduction. In this project the design and fabrication of composite bumper made up of glass fibre reinforced plastic is carried out by which weight of the bumper can be reduced. Fabrication of composite bumper is analyzed and carried out by hand lay-up process by using E-Glass, epoxy resin, polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). Fibre- reinforced bumper is analyzed using impact strength test. Compared to steel bumper, the fibre reinforced has higher factor of safety (FOS) and 80% less in cost. Fibre- reinforced bumper is found to have 64% From the fabrication when compared to steel bumper, it was found that the weight reduction of 53.8% is achieved using composite material. It was also found that fibre reinforced plastic has high strength, high fatigue resistance, it can withstand high creep and is corrosion resistance.
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Hearing Aid Amplifier Using Locally Sourced Components for Age-Related Hearing Loss
Background: Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) affects approximately two-thirds of adults aged 70 years and older globally, with disproportionate impact in low-resource settings. In Nigeria, where over 200 million people include significant elderly populations in states such as Bayelsa, the cost of digital hearing aids (exceeding NGN 300,000) places them beyond reach for most affected individuals. Furthermore, tonal languages spoken in Nigeria rely heavily on pitch discrimination for semantic comprehension.This study designed, fabricated, and evaluated a low-cost hearing aid amplifier using locally sourced electronic components, specifically adapted for tonal language comprehension and battery-operated for off-grid use in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The amplifier circuit was designed around the LM386 low-voltage audio power amplifier IC and the TL072 dual JFET-input operational amplifier for preamplification. A fourth-order active bandpass filter (300-3400 Hz) was implemented. ASPEN Plus process simulation software was employed to optimize circuit parameters including THD, power consumption, and frequency response. Performance evaluation included THD measurement, SPL calibration, frequency response analysis, and user acceptability testing with 30 elderly subjects (60-80 years) in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The prototype achieved a voltage gain of 20-200 (26-46 dB), THD of 0.22% at 1 kHz (gain=50), and maximum output power of 325 mW at 9V supply. The bandpass filter exhibited -3 dB cutoffs at 298 Hz and 3410 Hz. User testing showed 87% average satisfaction, with tonal language comprehension scores of 78% (Yoruba), 75% (Igbo), and 80% (Ijaw) in the 60-65 age group. The total component cost was NGN 1,250, representing 96% cost reduction. The fabricated low-cost hearing aid amplifier demonstrates adequate electroacoustic performance for age-related hearing loss compensation, with specific advantages for tonal language users in resource-constrained Nigerian settings.
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties in Heat-Treated Low Carbon Steel and Stainless-Steel Weldments for Redeployment Assessment
This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of mechanical properties between low carbon steel Grade C1029 and stainless-steel Grade SS304 weldments subjected to heat treatment profiling. Destructive testing methods including Charpy V-Notch impact testing and hardness testing were employed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of weld metal (WM), heat affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM) regions. The Charpy impact test results revealed that stainless steel Grade SS304 exhibited superior toughness with average absorbed energy values of 42.3J (WM), 55.7J (HAZ), and 61.3J (BM), compared to low carbon steel Grade C1029 with values of 16.7J (WM), 47J (HAZ), and 51J (BM). Hardness testing showed distinct hardness profiles across the weld zones for both materials, with carbon steel exhibiting greater variation (HAZ: 416 N/mm², PM: 682 N/mm²) compared to stainless steel (HAZ: 502 N/mm², PM: 511 N/mm²). The results indicate that stainless steel maintains better structural integrity and can remain safe for engineering applications even at sub-zero temperature conditions, while carbon steel weld metal demonstrates vulnerability to failure under tensile loading. The weld metal of carbon steel at 16.7J absorbed energy cannot remain safe within its tensile capability range, indicating potential failure risk. These findings provide scientific guidance for the redeployment of decommissioned metals in structural applications, establishing that stainless steel demonstrates superior redeployment potential compared to carbon steel.
Disaster Management Communication Systems in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Technology-Driven Framework
Nigeria is facing growing and complicated disaster landscape that includes seasonal Industrial accidents, oil spills, flooding, landslides and droughts. To control these disasters properly, the country requires efficient, strong, responsive communication systems. Although the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) has been set up and there is more and more support around the world for using technology to reduce disaster risk, Nigeria's communication system for managing disasters is still not well integrated, underfunded, and fragmented. This study systematically synthesizes evidence from 79 peer-reviewed publications drawn from Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa, and international contexts to evaluate the effectiveness of emerging technologies—such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN), satellite communication, and mobile platforms—in addressing persistent gaps in disaster communication systems. This study proposes a five-layer Integrated Technology-Driven Disaster Communication (ITDDC) Framework for Nigeria’s operational environment, along with policy recommendations for government, academia, and the technology sector.
Stochastic Application on the Variability of Soil Deformation Models
This study conducted a probabilistic evaluation of immediate settlement with foundation depths at the centre of raft foundation in Borokiri and Nwokekoro close, Old GRA, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. It utilized deterministic methods for immediate settlement analysis, specifically those developed by Meyerhof, Peck and Bazaraa, Steinbrenner and Fox, Mayne and Poulos, and Burland and Burbidge. The geotechnical and elastic parameters necessary for reliability estimation were derived from the geotechnical investigation of soil samples collected from the sites. Serviceability limit state functions were formulated based on the immediate settlement equations mentioned earlier. The uncertainties associated with the random variables for each limit state function were sourced from existing literature. Reliability estimates were performed using computer programs developed in MATLAB based on the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The findings indicated that in the Borokiri area, the Steinbrenner and Fox method produced reliability index values ranging from 2.4 to 2.7, which are within the recommended target reliability index range (2.5 – 4.0) for geotechnical structures. In contrast, the Mayne and Poulos method yielded a higher reliability index (6.1 to 6.5). The other methods, such as Burland and Burbidge (-0.07 to 1.6), Meyerhof (-1.4 to 0.8), and Peck and Bazaraa (-2.5 to - 0.6), underestimated the target reliability index. For the Nwokekoro close, Old GRA area, Steinbrenner and Fox again provided reliability index values between 3.4 and 4.0, aligning with the recommended target reliability index, while Mayne and Poulos (6.3 to 7.2) overestimated. The other methods, such as Burland and Burbidge (-2.3 to 1.9), Meyerhof (-2.4 to 1.7), and Peck and Bazaraa (-3.3 to 0.5), underestimated the target reliability index. Consequently, the Steinbrenner and Fox method emerged as the most reliable for predicting the immediate settlement of raft foundations in both Borokiri and Nwokekoro close, Old GRA. These results corroborate the findings from deterministic methods, suggesting that as estimated settlement exceeds the maximum allowable limit, the reliability index is expected to decrease, and vice versa. The MATLAB program developed in this research is user-friendly and suitable for geotechnical applications.
Development of a Process for the Production of Diesel Grade Engine Oil via Vacuum Distillation - Adsorption process
This study presents the development of an integrated vacuum distillation-adsorption process for the efficient production of diesel-grade engine oil from waste lubricating oil. This process aims to recover valuable base oils while meeting the stringent quality specifications of modern diesel engines. Initial vacuum distillation, conducted at a vacuum pressure of -0.032 to -0.062MPa and a temperature range of 275-300°C, yielded a distillate fraction constituting approximately 75 wt% of the input waste oil. This fraction, characterized by a kinematic viscosity of 8.5 cSt at 100°C, subsequently underwent an adsorption step utilizing activated clay. Adsorption parameters, specifically a clay dosage of 3 wt% and a contact time of 60 min at 80°C, resulted in a significant reduction in total acid number (TAN) from 5.7 mg KOH/g to 5.0 mg KOH/g and an improvement in color from ASTM D1500 7.0 to 2.5. The final refined oil exhibited properties consistent with those of commercial diesel-grade engine oils, including a flash point of 154°C and a viscosity index of 11. This integrated approach demonstrates a promising and environmentally sound method for producing high-quality base oils, contributing to resource sustainability and the principles of a circular economy.
Optimal Integration Of Renewable Energy Into The National Grid For Improved Power Supply Using Ann Based Supercapacitor
The increasing global demand for clean and sustainable energy has accelerated the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power into national grids. In Nigeria, the adoption of RES is hindered by challenges including variability in power generation, grid instability, and insufficient energy storage capacity. These limitations often result in unreliable power supply, frequency deviations, and voltage fluctuations. This study presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based super capacitor control system designed to achieve the optimal integration of renewable energy into the national grid for improved power supply stability and reliability. The ANN serves as an intelligent controller capable of learning complex nonlinear relationships between renewable generation patterns, grid demand, and storage behavior, enabling adaptive and precise charge–discharge control of the super capacitor. The super capacitor, with its high power density and rapid response time, mitigates the effects of renewable intermittency by providing fast frequency regulation, voltage support, and peak shaving. Simulation results obtained from a MATLAB/Simulink model of the Nigerian grid integrated with RES demonstrate that the proposed ANN-based supercapacitor system significantly improves grid stability, reduces voltage deviation by up to 18%, and enhances renewable energy utilization efficiency by 25% compared to conventional storage control methods. The findings indicate that ANN-driven supercapacitor storage systems offer a viable solution for optimizing renewable energy integration, ensuring improved operational reliability, and supporting Nigeria’s transition towards a more sustainable power infrastructure. The results obtained were the conventional intermittency and rapid generation variability that causes unoptimal integration of renewable energy into the national grid for unimproved power supply was 52 MW. On the other hand when an ANN based super capacitor was integrated into the system, it instantly reduced to 47.5 MW and the conventional intermittency and Poor generation forecasting that causes unoptimal integration of renewable energy into the national grid for unimproved power supply was31MW. Meanwhile when an ANN based super capacitor was introduced into the system, it automatically reduced to28.3 MW. Finally, with these results obtained, it definitely meant that the percentage optimized integration of renewable energy into the national grid for improved power supply when an ANN based super capacitor was imbibed into the system was 8.7%.
Optimal Integration Of Renewable Energy Into The National Grid For Improved Power Supply Using Intelligent Solid State Var Compensator
The conventional Grid Congestion that causes challenges of integrating renewable energy into the national grid was 82%. Meanwhile, when an intelligent solid state VAR compensator was input into the system, it instantly reduced it to75% and the conventional System Losses Increase with RES Integration that causes challenges of integrating renewable energy into the national grid was5.7%. However, when an intelligent solid state VAR compensator was incorporated into the system, it automatically reduced it to threshold of 5%. Finally, with these results obtained, the percentage optimal integration of renewable energy into the national grid for improved power supply was 0.7% when an intelligent solid state VAR compensator was integrated into the system.
Enhancing Data Transmission In Satellite Network Using Ann Based Technique
The rapid expansion of global communication systems has placed increasing demands on satellite networks, particularly in terms of data transmission efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. Traditional satellite communication methods often face challenges such as bandwidth limitation, signal attenuation, noise interference, and latency, which hinder optimal data transfer. To address these challenges, this study proposes the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based techniques for enhancing data transmission in satellite networks. The ANN model is designed to learn and adapt to dynamic channel conditions, mitigate the effects of noise and fading, and optimize modulation and coding strategies for improved throughput. Simulation results demonstrate that the ANN-based technique significantly enhances data transmission performance by reducing bit error rates, minimizing packet losses, and achieving higher spectral efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed approach also shows superior adaptability to varying atmospheric and network conditions, thereby ensuring reliable communication in real-time scenarios. This study underscores the potential of ANN-based intelligent methods as a robust solution for next-generation satellite communication systems, paving the way for improved connectivity, enhanced bandwidth utilization, and greater system resilience. The results obtained were the conventional packet loss to enhance data transmission in satellite network was3%. On the other hand, when an ANN based technique was integrated into it, it simultaneously reduced it to2.7% and the conventional low carrier to noise to enhance data transmission in satellite network was 8dB. Meanwhile, when an ANN based technique was incorporated into it, it spontaneously increased it to 9.6dB. Finally, the percentage enhancement of data transmission in satellite network when an ANN based technique was imbibed into the system was25%.