Performance Characteristics of Palm Kernel Shell-based Biomass Fuel

Abstract

The transition toward sustainable and renewable energy sources has become imperative in addressing climate change 
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass, particularly in the form of agricultural waste, presents a viable 
alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This study investigates the potential of palm kernel shells (PKS), an abundant yet 
underutilized by-product of palm oil processing in Nigeria as a clean and efficient biofuel through the process of 
briquetting. Two PKS samples, sourced from local and improved palm varieties, were subjected to pyrolysis to enhance 
their fuel characteristics. The charred PKS was then combined with varying proportions of cassava starch (25%, 30%, 
and 35%) as a binder and compressed into cylindrical briquettes. Proximate and ultimate analyses, along with calorific 
value determination and combustion performance tests, were conducted to assess the energy efficiency and environmental 
suitability of the briquettes. Results indicate that a 25% starch binder ratio produced the most efficient briquettes, 
characterized by high fixed carbon content, lower ash and moisture levels, and superior calorific value. Additionally, 
combustion tests revealed favorable ignition times, burning rates, and fuel consumption efficiency. The findings 
demonstrate the viability of PKS briquettes as a sustainable alternative to fuelwood and charcoal, offering both 
environmental and economic benefits. This study contributes to the development of renewable energy solutions in 
developing regions and underscores the value of waste-to-energy innovations in enhancing energy security and reducing 
ecological degradation.