United Nations Universal Declarationof Human Right And Protection Of Human Right In Africa: The Nigeria Experience, 2015 – 2021
Keywords:
Human rights, Nigeria, Public complain, Social contractAbstract
The study examined the United Nations universal declaration of Human Rights and protection of Human Right in Africa the Nigeria experience from 2015 to 2021. The objectives set for the study are: find out if the institutional efforts for the protection of human rights in Nigeria have realized the global effort of promoting human rights, to ascertain if the global road-map for institutions and bodies which are concerned with human rights has promoted human rights in Nigeria. The researcher made use of documentary method of data collection as the method of data analysis was based on content analysis. The study was anchored on Social Contract theory by John Locke. Amongst others, the findings revealed that the institutional efforts aimed at the protection of human rights in Nigeria such as the establishment of National Human Rights Commission, the Public Complaints Commission, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission have not realized the global effort of promoting human rights in Nigeria. This is because they are to weak and often relies on the whims and caprices of the executive to perform. It further revealed that the road-map for institutions and bodies which are concerned with human rights have enhanced the promotion of human rights in Nigeria.
References
Aduba, J. N. (2012). Inquiries on Human Rights Practice in Nigeria, Past, Present and Future. Inaugural Lectures, University of Jos Lecture Series, 54,
Ajomo, M. A. (1985). Man in Quest of Himself: The Challenges of Human Rights. The 18th Convocation Lecture, University of Ilorin, October 25.
Abati, R. (2020). #EndSARS: The State of the Revolution. Proshare.https://www.proshareng.com/news/Politics/-EndSARS--The-State-of-The-- quot-Revolut/53972 Accessed 12 December, 2021
Agabe, A. (2013). Nigeria police rescue four kidnapped foreigners in Port – Harcourt. Nigerian Eye, May 26.Availablefromwww.nigerian.com/2013/05/nigeria/police/rescue/four/kidnapped/foreigners/in/portharcourt.html. Accessed 16th June, 2022
Agbalajobi, D. (2020). Why #EndSARS protests are different, and what lessons they hold for Nigeria. The Conversation, Retrieved 14/11.2020 from https://theconversation.com/why-endsars-protests-are-different-and-what-lessonsthey-hold-for-nigeria-148320 Accessed 12 December, 2021
Aljazeera (2012). Nigerian president sacks chief of police. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/1/25/nigerian-president-sacks-chief-of-police. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Amnesty, I. (2014). 1,500 Nigerians killed in book haram violence in 2014. Available from www.voanews.com/content/amnesty-international-1500-nigerians-killed-in-bokoharam-violence-in-2014. Accessed 4th January, 2021
Balakrishnan, R. and Heintz, J. (2015), How inequality threatens all human rights, Open Global Rights, available at: https://www.openglobalrights.org/howinequalitythreatens-all-humans-rights/. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Donald, K. (2017). Tackling inequality: the potential of the Sustainable Development Goals, Open Global Rights, available at: https://www.openglobalrights. org/tacklinginequality-potential-of-sustainable-development-goals/ Accessed 12 December, 2021
Freedom House (2019) Freedom in the world: 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/ report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Aguda, A. (2008). Judicial Process and Stability in Third Republic. Lagos: National Concord
Aguda, A. (2019). Human Rights Law Course Guide. Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria.
Ajomo, M. A. (2015) Fundamental Human Rights under the Nigerian Constitution, in Akpamgbo, C. ed. Perspectives on Human Rights. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Justice of Nigeria.
Akhaine, S. O. and Chizea, B. U. (2011). State of human rights in Nigeria – CENCOD annual report. Abuja: Centre for Constitutionalism and Demilitarization.
Arendt, H. (1951). The Origin of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Arogundade, L. (2003). FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) and civil society. Lagos: International Press Centre.
Asika, N. (1991). Research methodology in the behavioural sciences. Lagos: Longman
Ackerman, J.M. and Sandoval-Ballesteros, I.E, (2006). The global explosion of freedom of information laws. Admin L Rev 58: 85–130.
Adenrele, A., & Olugbenga O. (2014). Challenges of human rights abuse in Nigerian democratic governance – which war forward? Journal of Social Economic Research, 1(5), pp. 92-93. ISSN: 2312-6264.
Adetoro, R. A. (2012). Boko haram insurgency in Nigeria as a symptom of poverty and political alienation. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(5): 21-26
Animashaun, B. O. (2013). Human Rights, Governance and the Nigerian Constitution: A Historical Survey. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), Volume 17, Issue 5.
Awah, I. M. (2017). Human rights violation: A perceptive on women trafficking. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies, 12(2): 156-164.
Bankston and Zhou (2012). Social Capital as Process: The Meaning and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor. Sociological Inquiry, 72(2).
Bell, B. & Keenan, J. (2014). “Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations and Problems of Transition”, Human Rights Quarterly, 330
Buergenthal, T. (1997) “The Normative and Institutional Evolution of International Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 19, 703-723.
Bodley, J. (2007). Culture: Microsoft Student 2008 DVD. Redmond, W.A: Microsoft Corporation.
Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: University Press.
Donnelly, Jack (2003). Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice. London: Comell University Press.
Eso, K. (2003). Further Thoughts on Law and Jurisprudence. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
Forsythe, David P. (2000). Human Rights in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Freeman, M. (2017). Human Rights (3rd edition). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press
Garner, B. A. ed. (1990) Black’s Law Dictionary 8th ed. USA: West Publishing Co. Obilade, A. O. ed; (2005) Legal Methods I. Ibadan: Jexel Commercial & Security Printers.
Gun, E.I. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton university press
Hodgson, D (1988). The Human Right to Education. England: Ashgate publishing.
Inglehart, R (1997). Modernization and Post modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Changes in 43 Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Iwe, N. S. S. (1986). The History and Contents of Human Rights. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc
Kerlinger, F. N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Landman, T., and Kersten, L. (2016). Measuring Human Rights. In M. Goodhart (Ed.), Human Rights: Politics and Practice
Landman, T., and Carvalho, E. (2009). Measuring human rights. London: Routledge
Manisuli, S. (2017). (ed), The African Regional Human Rights System: 30 Years after the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Nwamara T. A. (1992). The Encyclopedia of Laws of Federal Republic of Nigeria, vol. 10. Ibadan: Law and Educational Publishers Ltd.
Odinkalu, C. (2008). The Impact of Economic and Social Rights in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Legal Framework for Implementing Education and Health as Human Rights’ in V Gauri and DM Brinks (eds). Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in Developing World. London: Cambridge University Press
Payne, L. A. (2000). Uncivil Movements: The Armed Right Wing and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Sokefun, J. A. (2008). Human Rights Law Course Guide. Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria.
Sterner, H.J. & Alston, P. (1996). International Human Rights in context: Law, Politics, Morale. Oxford: Clarendon press
United Nations (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations Press
Calland, R. and Bentley, K. (2013). The impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives: Freedom of information. Dev Policy Rev 31: 69–87.
Coker, M. A. and obo, U. B. (2012). Crisis of governance and the violations of human rights: The Nigerian experience, 1999 to 2007. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 6(3).
Coleman, J. (2018). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology 94.
Dada, J. A. & Ibanga, M. (2011). Human rights protection in Nigeria: From rhetoric to pragmatic agenda. African Journal of Law and Criminology, Volume 1, Number 2.
Danladi, N. E. (2009). Care of orphans and the vulnerable children in Nigeria: The social responsibility for all. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies, 12(1): 130 –141.
Davies, J.C (2010). Toward a Theory of Revolution. American Sociological Review 27.
Duru, C.W. (2016). The relevance of Nigeria’s FOI act to the country’s anti-corruption war. Int J Journal Mass Commun 6: 757-762.
Egede, E. (2007). ‘Bringing Human Rights Homes: An Examination of the Domestication of Human Rights Treaties in Nigeria’ (2007) 51 JAL 249.
Ekhator, E. O (2015) The impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on domestic law: a case study of Nigeria. Commonwealth Law Journal
Enabulele, A. (2009). Implementation of Treaties in Nigeria and the Status Question: Whither Nigerian Courts. 17 AJICL, 326.
Felix, D. N. (2014). An Analysis of Human Rights Violation by the Nigerian Security Services. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, Vol.30.
Guida, R.A. (2020). The costs of free information. Public Interest 97: 87-95.
Hall, P. (1999). Social Capital in Britain. British Journal of Political science, 29.
Hazell, R. (2020). Freedom of information in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Public Adm 67: 189-210.
Hazell, R. and Worthy, B. (2010). Assessing the performance of freedom of information. Gov Inf Q 27: 352–359.
Idowu, A W. (2003). Human Rights, Democracy and Development: the Nigerian Experience, East African journal of peace and human rights, 9, 290-310.
Inokoba, P. K., & Kumokor, I. (2011). Electoral Crisis, Governance and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 27(2), 139-148.
Jatau, V. and Koprulu, N. (2020). Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Question of Sustainability of the Fourth Republic, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 29, No. 7.
Koch, I. E. (2005). Dichotomies, Trichotomies, or Waves of Duties? Human Rights Law Review, 5, 81-103.
Landman, T. (2005). Review article: The political science of human rights. British Journal of Political Science, 35(3), 549–572.
Landman, T. (2018). Democracy and Human Rights: Concepts, Measures, and Relationships. Politics and Governance. Volume 6, Issue 1
Merton, R. K (2011). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3
Nwachukwu, S. N. and Aghamelo, A. (2014). An Account of Human Right Violations in Nigeria (Pre-British, British and Post-independence). European Scientific Journal, Vol.2.
Nzarga, F. (2014). An analysis of human right violation by the Nigerian security services. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 30, pp. 1-2. ISSN: 2224-3259.
Odigwe, B. (2011). The freedom of information act and its effect on record keeping in the public service. The Delta Bureaucrat 11: 24- 26.
Ojo, T. O., Tsebee, A. K. and Owolabi, R. O. (2014). Mass media and the boko haram domestic terror attacks in Northern Nigeria: An overview. The international Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2(1): 150 – 155.
Ojo, O. O. (2006). Human rights and sustainable democracy in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences. Vol 13(1): 15-29
Okçabol, R. (2012). Human Rights and Education. Bogazici University Journal of Education, Vol.19 (l)
Ossai-Ugbah, N.B. (2012). Library services and the freedom of information act in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Educ Soc Res 2: 365-370.
Ozoigbo, B. I. (2017). Democracy and Human Rights in Nigeria A Critical Inquiry. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 5, 25-31.
Pennings, L. and Van W. (2016). Human and Social Capital and Organizational Dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, (4) 4
Portes, A. (2019). Social Capital: Its Origin and Applications in Modern. Jipads VoL 5. No. 1. January/June.
Putnam, R. 0. (2014). Bowling Alone: American’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 6.
Ragnhild, L. (2002). Rethinking Legal Pluralism and Human Rights. Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, 76.
Sarkin, J. (2021). The Tension Between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process and the Role of Gacaca Courts. African Human Rights Law Journal
Sebina, P.M. (2005). Access to information: The role of freedom of information legislation and constitutional guarantees. ESARBICA 24: 43-57.
Siraj, M. (2010). Exclusion of private sector from freedom of information laws: Implications from a human rights perspective. J Alt Perspect Soc Sci 2: 211-226.
Wyatt, B. (2003). America’s experience of FOI: an account. Freedom of Information Act and Civil Society. International Press Centre, 102 -105.
African Charter (Ratification and Enforcement) Act Chapter A9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) 2004
HRW (2019) World Report: 2019, available at: https://www.hrw.org/worldreport/2019. Accessed January 2, 2022
Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2017) The Erosion of Human Rights Protection Systems, available at:https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/08/erosion-humanrights-protectionsystems. Accessed May 12, 2022
Nigerian Constitutional Law Reports (1983). Shugaba Darman v Minister for Internal Affairs, NCLR p. 915.
Nigerian Constitutional Law Reports (1985). State v. Arthur Nwankwo.1 NCLR 228.
Nigerian Weekly Law Reports (2003). INEC & v Balarabe Musa &Orthers, NWLR (Pt. 145), 729.
Nigerian Weekly Law Reports (2005). Chukwuma v Commissioner of Police, 8 NWLR (Pt. 927) 278
Nigerian Weekly Law Reports (2007). GaniFawehinmi v President, 14 NWLR (Pt. 1054) 275.
Organisation of African Unity (1986). African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Addis Ababba
The 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
The America Declaration of Rights of Man 1776.
Ibeanu, O. (2008). Two rights make a wrong: Bringing human rights back into the Niger Delta discourse. Keynote address at the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil and the Niger Delta: Bayelsa State, Niger Delta University.
National Intelligence Council (2005). Mapping Sub-Saharan Africa’s Future. Discussion Paper.
Kaluge, D. (2013). Human right abuse. Available from http://davidkaluge.hubpages.com/hub/human-right-abuse. Accessed 4th January 2021.
Moyn, S (2015), Human rights and the age of inequality, Open Global Rights, 1-5, available at: https://www.openglobalrights.org/human-rights-and-age-of-inequality/ Accessed 12 December, 2021
NOI Polls (2019).Human Rights Poll.https://noi-polls.com/human-rights-poll/ Accessed 13 December, 2021
Obaji, S. (2020). Nigeria is not a failed state, but it has not delivered democracy for its people. The Conversation https://theconversation.com/nigeria-is-not-a-failed-statebut-it-has-not-delivered-democracy-for-its-people-149769 Accessed 14 December, 2021
Ofoegbu, J. (2014). The Place of Human Rights in Nigeria’s Democracy. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v10i 1.4. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Osun Defender (2014). Nigerian military, book haram kill over 1,500 people in 2014 – Amnesty International. Available from www.osundefender.org/?p=156716. Accessed 2 nd January, 2022
UN OHCHR (2016). UN experts provide roadmap to avoid human rights violations during protests, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17189&LangID=E. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Oyeweso, F. (2013). How masquerades killed Muslim cleric and murdered peace in Abeokuta. National Mirror, February 2. pp: 1.
Aremu, A. (2012). Activists condemn police disruption of political memorial for the martyrs. Sahara Reporters, February 18.
Ariyibi, G., (2013). One killed in PDP, CAN clash in Ekiti. Vanguard, April 1
Atoyebi, O. (2014). Ibadan horror: Victim recounts ordeal in forest. Punch, March 24. Available from www.punch.com/news/ibadan-horror-victim-recounts-ordeal-inforest Accessed 12 December, 2021
Ezigbo, O. (2013). Nigeria: APC decries continued detention of election observers. This Day, November 21. Available from http://allafrica.com/stories/201311210537.html. Accessed 21st December, 2021.
Ndifon, C. O. (2013). Awareness and enforcement of human right in Nigeria: Constraints and solutions. Daily Independent. Available from http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/12/awareness-and-enforcement-of-humanrightnigeria-html Accessed 17th December, 2021.
Jimoh, A., Abuh, A., Daka, T., Opara, E., & Ehiaghe. G. (2018, September). DSS operatives lay siege to National Assembly. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.ng/amp/s/guardian.ng/news/dss-operatives-lay-siege-tonationalassembly/amp. Accessed 12 December, 2021
Ogundele, B. (1985, September 7). The denied rights. Nigerian Tribune